I. INTRODUCTIONIn Indonesia, maize is an important commodity crops, but production levels have not been optimal. PT. Natural Nusantara working to increase maize production in quantity, quality and environmentally friendly / sustainable (aspect of K-3).
II. GROWTH CONDITIONSIdeal rainfall of about 85-200 mm / month and should be evenly distributed. In the phase of flowering and grain filling needs to get enough water. Should be planted early or late rainy season. Need sun, shade plants, growth is inhibited and seed yield is not optimal. The optimum temperature between 230 C - 300 C. Corn does not require any special soil requirements, but the loose soil, humus rich soil will produce optimal. soil pH between 5.6 to 7.5. Good aeration and water availability, slope of land less than 8%. Areas with slopes of more than 8%, should be performed before core formation. Altitudes between 1000-1800 m above sea level with optimum height between 50-600 m asl
III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATIONA. Terms of seedSeed should be of high quality both genetic, physical and physiological (hibryda seed). Ability to grow the seeds of more than 90%. + Seed needs 20-30 kg / ha. Before the seeds are planted, preferably soaked in NASA POC (dose 2-4 cc / l of water overnight).
B. Processing of LandLand cleared of previous crop residues, crop residues which is pretty much burned, the ashes are returned to the soil, then treated with a hoe and plow. Hoe the soil to be planted as deep as 15-20 cm, then leveled. Made every 3 m along the row crop drainage. Channel width of 25-30 cm, depth 20 cm. These channels are made primarily on the ground that jelek.Di drainage areas with pH less than 5, limed soil (300 kg / ha) by means of lime spread evenly / on row crops, + 1 month before planting. Before planting should disebari GLIO land that has been mixed with mature manure to prevent wilt disease on corn.
C. Fertilization
D. Planting TechniqueA. Determination of Plant PatternsSome cropping patterns commonly applied:a. Taungya (intercropping),planting more than one plant (the same or different ages). Example: same age as intercropping corn and soybean intercropping different ages such as maize, cassava, upland rice.
b. Mixed cultivation (Multiple Cropping),performed in succession throughout the year taking into account other factors for maximum profit. Example: corn, upland rice, soybean, peanut, etc..
c. Plants have an insert (Relay Cropping):cropping pattern by inserting one or several types of crops other than staple crops (planting within the same or different times). Example: pasted corn peanuts, corn harvest time embedded beans.
d. Plants Mixed (Mixed Cropping):plantings consist of some plants and grow without spacing or larikannya set, all mixed into one. Land efficient, but risky to the threat of pests and diseases. Example: a mixture of crops such as corn, soybean, cassava.
2. Planting holes and How to PlantDitugal planting hole, depth of 3-5 cm, and each hole was filled only with a grain of seed. Spacing is adjusted to the age of harvest corn, the longer the age of the wide spacing. Corn harvest was over 100 days of planting, planting distances 40x100 cm (2 plants / pit). 80-100 days old maize crop, planted a distance of 25x75 cm (1 plant / hole).
E. Crop ManagementA. Thinning and StitchingPlants that grow well at least, cut with a sharp knife or scissors just above the soil surface. Revocation of the plant should not be done directly, because it would injure the roots of other plants that will be allowed to grow. Stitching aims to replace the seeds do not grow / die, performed 7-10 days after planting (dap). The number and types of seeds as well as equal treatment in the stitching when planting.
2. WeedingWeeding is done in 2 weeks. Weeding the young corn plants can be hand or a small hoe, fork, etc.. Weeding should not disturb plant roots which in that age are still not strong enough grip the ground after the crop was 15 days.
3. PembumbunanPembumbunan performed in conjunction with the weeding to strengthen the position of the stem so that plants do not easily fall down and cover the roots of which appear above the soil surface due to aeration. Performed at 6-week-old plants, along with the time of fertilization. Land on the right and left row diuruk plants with a hoe, then dumped in row crops. In this way will form an elongated guludan.
4. Irrigation and WateringOnce the seeds are planted, watering as necessary, except when the soil has been moist, aim to keep the plants do not wilt. But ahead of flowering plants, the water required to have a greater flow of water in the trenches of the corn crop bumbunan.
F. Pests and DiseasesA. Pesta. Seed fly (Atherigona exigua Stein)Symptoms: The leaves change color to yellow, rotting from the affected areas, the plants eventually wilt, plant growth to be stunted or die. Cause: fly seeds with the characteristics of fly ash-gray color, greenish yellow color striped back, abdomen yellowish brown color, the color of pearl white eggs, and flies from 3 to 3.5 mm long. Control: (1) simultaneous planting and application of crop rotation. (2) plants are attacked immediately withdrawn and destroyed. (3) Sanitation garden. (4) spray with PESTONA.
b. Cutting caterpillarSymptoms: crop cut several inches above ground, marked with bite marks on the stem, resulting in young plants collapsed. Cause: Some type of worm cutters: Agrotis Ipsilon; Spodoptera litura, maize stem borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), corn and fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera). Control: (1) Plant or crop rotation in unison, (2) search and kill the caterpillars (usually found in the soil), (3) Spray PESTONA, VITURA or VIREXI.
2. Diseasea. Downy mildew disease (Downy Mildew)Cause: The fungus Peronosclerospora maydis and P. javanica and P. philippinensis, rampant at temperatures above 270 C and the state to humid air. Symptoms: (1) aged 2-3 weeks spiky leaves, small, rigid, inhibited stem growth, yellow color, the underside of the leaf there is a layer of white fungal spores, (2) the age of 3-5 weeks of growth disorders, the leaves change color from the base of the leaves, cobs changing form and content, (3) on adult plants, there are brown lines on older leaves. Control: (1) planting before the rainy season or the beginning, (2) the cropping pattern and the pattern of crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, (3) remove and destroy infected plants, (4) Preventive early planting with GLIO
b. Leaf spot disease (Leaf Bligh)Cause: The fungus Helminthosporium turcicum. Symptoms on leaves appear elongated and irregular patches of yellow and surrounded by brown, spotting develops and extends from the tip to the base of the leaf to leaf, wet-looking spots originally, then changed color to yellowish brown, then turn into brown. Eventually the entire leaf surface is brown. Control: (1) crop rotation. (2) set the conditions are not humid lands, (3) Prenventif beginning with GLIO
c. Rust disease (Rust)Cause: the fungus Puccinia sorghi Schw and P.polypora Underw. Symptom: on mature plants, old leaves are dots brownish red stains like rust and there is a brownish yellow powder, mushroom powder is growing and stretching. Control: (1) regulate humidity, (2) plant varieties resistant to disease, (3) garden sanitation, (4) spray with GLIO.
d. Hirst swelling disease (Corn Smut / boil Smut)Cause: The fungus Ustilago maydis (DC) CDA, Ustilago zeae (Schw) Ung, Uredo zeae Schw, Uredo maydis DC. Symptoms: This fungal entry into the seed on the cob resulting in swelling and remove the gland (gall), this causes swelling of the wrapping is damaged and dispersed spores. Control: (1) regulate humidity, (2) cut off the plant and burned, (3) seeds to be planted mixed GLIO and NASA POC.
e. Cob rot and seed rotCause: The fungus Fusarium or Gibberella Gibberella zeae, among others (Schw), Gibberella fujikuroi (Schw), Gibberella moniliforme. Symptoms can be seen after opening the wrapper cob, corn seeds, pink or brownish red color changed to brown and then brown. Control: (1) planting resistant varieties of corn, rotation cropping, adjust spacing, seed treatment, (2) GLIO in early planting.
Note: If a pest control using natural pesticides have not been able to cope with a chemical pesticide used is recommended. In order to more evenly spraying of chemical pesticides and are not easily lost by rain water add Adhesives Straighten AERO 810, dose + 5 ml (1/2 cap) / tank.
G. Harvest and Post HarvestA. Characteristics and Harvest+ Harvest age 86-96 days after planting. Corn for vegetables (baby corn, baby corn) harvested before the seeds are fully charged (cob diameter 1-2 cm), corn on the cob / fuel, harvested when ripe corn to rice milk and corn, fodder, seeds, flour etc are harvested when ripe physiological.
2. How to HarvestRotate the cob following kelobotnya / break of fruit stalks of corn.
3. StrippingPeel while still attached to the stem or after harvesting is completed, so that water levels in the cob can be lowered so that the fungus does not grow.
4. DryingDrying corn with sunlight (+7-8 days) until the moisture content of + 9% -11% or with a dryer.
5. PemipilanAfter drying by hand or tool dipipil corn sheller.
6. Sorting and classificationCorn seeds were separated from any impurities or unwanted (the remains of cob, a small seed, broken seeds, empty seeds, etc.). Sorting to avoid fungal attack, insect pests during storage and increase the quality of crops.
