A. BackgroundSeaweed (sea weeds) which in the world of science known as Algae are very popular in the world trade in the end - this end.Seaweed was first recognized by the Chinese people think - about the year 2700 BC. At that time the seaweed is widely used for vegetables and drugs - drugs. In the year 65 BC, the Romans used it as cosmetic raw materials. But with the development of time, knowledge about lautpun grass growing. Spain, France, and England made seaweed as raw material for making glass.
When the use of seaweed in Indonesia is not known. Only when the Portuguese came to Indonesia about 1292 years, seaweed has been used as a vegetable. Only in the period before World War - 2, noted that Indonesia has been exporting seaweed to the United States, Denmark, and France.
Now this seaweed in Indonesia has been developed on the coast of Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Given the lengthy coastline of Indonesia (81,000 km), then the chances are very promising for seaweed cultivation. If you view the world market demand for Indonesia which annually reach the average - average 21.8% of the world needs now is to supply the demand fulfillment is still lacking, which is only about 13.1%. The low supply from Indonesia due to poor farming activities and the lack of information about the potential of seaweed farmers.
B. ContentsSeaweed is widely used is the type of red algae (Rhodophyceae) because they contain so - so, keraginan, porpiran, and pigment furcelaran fikobilin (consisting of fikoeretrin and fikosianin) which is a backup that contains lots of carbohydrate foods. But there is also the use of types of brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Many brown algae contain pigments chlorophyll a and c, beta carotene, and fukosantin violasantin, pirenoid, and sheets of photosynthesis (filakoid). Besides brown algae also contain food reserves in the form of laminarin, cellulose, and algin. In addition to the material - the material was, red and brown algae contains jodium.
C. BenefitA. Order - in order toCommunity at large to know that - so in the form of flour used for making puddings. However, people do not know exactly what order - in order for it. Order - that is the meruapakan sulfanik acid esters of linear and galakto obtained by extracting the algae species Agarophytae. That - that this field is kept soluble in hot water and insoluble in cold water.
Now is the use of that - that's growing, that were once only for the food alone is now used in textiles, cosmetics, and others - others. Its main function is as an ingredient pemantap, and creator of the emulsifiers, thickeners, fillers, and the fabric of the gel. In the industry, so that - so that is widely used in industry for the manufacture of foods such as breads, soups, sauces, ice cream, jelly, candy, sherbet, cottage cheese, pudding, jam, beer, wine, coffee, and chocolate. Useful in the pharmaceutical industry as a purgative or laxative, wrap capsule, and mix ingredients printer tooth samples. In the textile industry can be used to protect the sheen of silk. In the cosmetics industry, in order to - in order to be useful in the manufacture of ointments, creams, lotions, lipstick and soap. In addition there are many other benefits from that - that, as for the manufacture of film plates, toothpaste, shoe polish, paper, and canning of fish and meat.
2. KeraginanKeraginan is a polysaccharide compound composed of units of D-galactose and L-galactose 3.6 anhidrogalaktosa connected by ties 1-4 glikosilik. Keraginan cash is characteristic of every unit galaktosanya sulfate binding clusters, the number sulfatnya approximately 35.1%.Keraginan usefulness is similar to that - that, among other stabilizer, thickener, gelling agent and emulsifier. Keraginan widely used in the food industry for the manufacture of cakes, breads, makroni, hours, jelly, juice, beer, ice cream, and gel coatings of meat products. Widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for toothpaste and drugs - drugs. It can also be used in textiles, cosmetics and paints.
3. Algin (Alginate)Algin is derived from brown algae seaweed. Algin is a polymer composed of amino uronat in the form of long linear chains. Form of algin on the market are often found in powder form of sodium, potassium or ammonium alginate is soluble in water.Usefulness of algin in the industry is as a thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, and forming a thin layer which is resistant to oil. Algin is used in many industries in the food industry for the manufacture of ice cream, sherbet, ice milk, bread, cakes, candy, butter, sauces, canning meat, jam, syrup, and pudding. Widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for tablets, ointments, capsules, plasters, and filter. The cosmetics industry for cream, lotion, shampoo, hair dye,. And in other industries such as textiles, paper, photography, insecticides, pesticides and wood preservatives.
D. TON function in Seaweed EcologySeaweed was first discovered natural life is not the result cultivation. They are scattered in the waters in accordance with environmental needs. Seaweed stuck to need a place to support life. In nature where it can be attached to dead coral, mollusks, and can also be sand and mud.
Besides seaweed desperately need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. The amount of sunshine is strongly influenced by the brightness of the sea water. So that needs sunlight available in an optimal amount it must set the depth of the grown. Depth is ideally located 30-50 cm from the surface of the water.
Seagrass photosynthesis process are not only influenced by sunlight, but also require nutrients in sufficient quantities both macro and micro levels. This nutrient is obtained from the environment a lot of water is absorbed directly by the entire plant. To supply this nutrient fertilization is usually performed during cultivation. To help provide nutrients in optimal amounts and so quickly absorbed by the seaweed, it must be provided nutrients that have been in a state ready for use (ionic). Many nutrients contained in TON (Pond Organic Nusantara).
TON (Pond Organic Nusantara), containing all the necessary ingredients in the growth of seaweed. Both provide a complete micro-nutrients, also provides a macro element. In addition TON will also improve the quality of the seaweed, because it will reduce the level of heavy metal pollution will also be absorbed by the seaweed. If heavy metal is not binding, it will come absorbed in the process of absorption of nutrients from the seaweed, so it is very dangerous for consumers. With a TON, heavy metals will be bound in the form of the compound and would be difficult to settle or be absorbed by the absorption process.
Seaweed growth is also affected by the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity (salt content) and temperature. Oxygen content is influenced by water movement is also influenced by nutrient availability. So that the TON is also very important to support the availability of oxygen in the water. Ideal temperature for the growth of algae is in the range 200-280 C
With the availability of nutrients in optimal amounts and balanced environmental conditions because of the TON, the quality and quantity of materials - materials that are contained by the sea grass will also increase.
In addition, the use of TON for seaweed cultivation will also help to bind the compound - compound and element - hazardous substances in the waters. Compounds - compounds and elements are adsorbed in the metabolic system if sea grass, would interfere with the growth of seaweed and also will reduce the quality of the results. In addition if this seaweed will be used for food, would be very dangerous for the menkonsumsinya. Carbon content of the active compound of TON will greatly help to reduce the compounds and elements - such harmful elements.
E. Seaweed cultivation and How to Use TON (Organic Pond Net)In carrying seaweed cultivation, the first thing to note is the selection of the location of cultivation. Should the location of aquaculture in waters that are not cultivated fluctuating salinity (salt content) is large and free from industrial and domestic pollution. In addition the site selection should also consider the economic and labor aspects.
Seaweed cultivation can be done in the area off the coast and in the pond. In the present discussion we will emphasize on cultivation in ponds. This is because the role TON ineffective if waters off (the coast). For the cultivation of the open waters divided into several methods, namely:A. Basic Method of ReleaseWhere is the way it is done by tying seaweed seedlings to the rope - the rope which is fixed in a row - row in marine waters with a depth of 30-60 cm. Seaweed is planted in the bottom waters.
2. Raft methodThe way this is done in waters deeper than 60 cm. Grass seed is done by tying a rope - a rope tied around the stakes - stakes in a position like floating in the middle - the middle depths of the waters.
3. Hanging rope methodIf the above two methods of seed position - seaweed seedlings in a horizontal position (flat), then the method of hanging rope is made by tying a seed - seed of seaweed in a vertical position (perpendicular) to the rope - the rope is arranged in a row.
TON with the use of the above three can only be done by soaking seed system. Because if TON is applied in the waters will not be effective and much is lost by the ocean currents. Seed soaking method is done by:A. TON dissolved in seawater is placed in the container.2. To 1 liter of sea water is given a quarter tablespoons (5-10 g) TON and add 1-2 cc HORMONIK.3. Marinate for 4-5 hours, and seedlings ready for planting.
Use of TON will be very effective if applied in the cultivation of seaweed in ponds. Cultivation in ponds can be done by the method of stocking. The trick is as follows:A. Ponds must be equipped with the income and expenditure channels.2. Pond dried first.3. Sprinkle with lime to neutral pH (0.5 - 2 tons per acre depending on the acidity of the land).4. Let stand for 1 week.5. Apply the TON, with a dose of 1-5 vials per-hectare (for the region - an area of high pollution levels, the dose is raised), in a way diluted with water first, then spread evenly over the pond bottom.6. Let stand 1 hour7. Add water to a height of 70 cm.8. Sprinkle sea grass seed that has been soaked with TON and HORMONIK as immersion in the way. With a density of 80-100 g/m2.9. When the pond bottom hard enough, the seeds can be planted as rice cultivation.10. Macro does not need added fertilizer.
F. Maintenance and application of TON (Pond Organic Nusantara) aftershocks.During cultivation, the supervision must be carried out continuously. Especially for cultivation in ponds should dilakukaan least 1-2 weeks after stocking of seedlings, it is to control the position of the stocked seaweed. Usually due to the influence of wind, the seeds will clump together in certain areas, if such should be separated and spread evenly again in the pond area.
Water impurities in the form of dust (mud dissolved / suspended solid) are attached to the plant, especially on the calm waters such as ponds. At that time, the plants should be shaken - shake in the water so that plants are clean of dirt. This debris will interfere with the metabolism of seaweed. Some marine plants such as Ulva, Hypea, Chaetomorpha, and often twisted enteromorpha plants. Plants - plants should be immediately removed and separated from seaweed so as not to degrade the quality of the results. You do this by collecting it on the ground. Sea urchins, fish and turtles are herbivorous animals that prey must be prevented from seaweed. To avoid the nets are usually placed around the area of cultivation. For cultivation in ponds is done by placing nets in the channel of income and expenditure.
G. HarvestingHarvesting at this stage to consider the manner and time in order to obtain results in accordance with market demand in quality and quantity.
Plants can be harvested after the age of 6-8 weeks after planting. Way of harvesting is to remove the entire plant seaweed ashore. Seaweed is farmed in ponds harvested by plant family raised and bred to be left a little further. Or it could be done by picking a separate branch - the branch of the parent plants, but this way will result in the acquisition of a little keraginan and parent for the cultivation of plant growth will further decline.
If the seaweed is harvested at the age of about one month, it will usually be obtained ratio of wet weight and dry weight of 8: 1, and if harvested at the age of two months will usually be obtained ratio of 6: 1. For Gracilaria species usually obtained yields of about 1500 - 2000 kg of dry seaweed per hectare. Expected with the use of TON (Organic Pond Net) will increase by about 30-100%.
